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资源说明：MSSL Python Course Material
Python Course ============= Material --------- This repository holds the material from a Python course that was held at Mullard Space Science Laboratory on 1st of October, 2012. Presentation ------------ The presentation view graphs are available in PDF and Keynote format and can be found in the presentation folder. iPython Notebooks ----------------- The iPython Notebooks are available from the notebook folder. Please note that you will most likely **need version 0.13** or a newer to run the examples. Syllabus -------- The following items were discussed: * Background Information and Tools * Why Python? * Syntax, basic types, standard libraries, exception handling, etc. * Interactive computing (ipython) * How to write documentation within the code (Sphinx) * Development tools and version control (PyCharm & GIT) * Numerical Arrays * 1D and N-D arrays, arithmetics, masked arrays, manipulations, and generating random data (NumPy & numexpr) * Astronomy Specific Packages * PyFITS & PyWCS: * Reading, writing, and generating FITS tables and image arrays * World Coordinate Systems; calculating the RA and DEC of pixels in your image * PyRAF: * How to call IRAF from Python * Data Access and Processing: * Reading in an ascii file and pickled data (NumPy, cPickle) * Creating an sqlite database and querying it (real-world example using SDSS data) * Scientific analysis: * optimisation, fitting, interpolation, root finding, and statistics and distributions (SciPy, statsmodels) * Generating publication quality plots: * 2D plotting (matplotlib) * Astronomy specific plotting e.g. different projections (Kapteyn) * Image manipulation: * Smoothing and convolving (SciPy) * Object detection, segmentation, and edge detection (scikits-image) * Speeding things up: * Parallel programming with multiprocessing * Calling Fortran code from Python * Machine learning: * Principal Component Analysis * Supervised Learning, Clustering, etc. (scikits-learn) Some Useful Packages -------------------- A small selection of 3rd party packages I have found extremely useful: * NumPy: a powerful N-dimensional array object, tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code, and useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities. * SciPy: open-source software for mathematics, science, and engineering. * matplotlib: a python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures in a variety of hardcopy formats and interactive environments. * PyFITS: provides an interface to FITS files. * astropy:a common effort to develop a single core package for Astronomy (contains e.g. PyFITS, PyWCS, vo, asciitable…) * Kapteyn: provide tools for the development of astronomical applications (WCS projections, non-linear least sq fitting, etc.) * PyWCS: provides transformations following the SIP conventions and the core WCS functionality. * SymPy: a Python library for symbolic mathematics * scikits:add-on toolkits that complement SciPy (sub packages like image, learn, time series, etc.) * RPy2: provides a low-level interface to R and R-like structures and functions. * PyMC: Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling toolkit. * emcee: implementation of Goodman & Weare’s Affine Invariant Markov Chain Monte Carlo Ensemble sampler. * PyIDL: python bindings to IDL. * APLpy: the Astronomical Plotting Library in Python. * astLib: a set of Python modules that provides e.g. coordinate conversions, manipulating WCS info, perform calculations on SEDs, etc. * statsmodels: allows users to explore data, estimate statistical models, and perform statistical tests. * MySQLdb: an thread-compatible interface to the MySQL database server. * Python Imaging Library (PIL): adds image processing capabilities. * PyCUDA: gives an easy access to Nvidia‘s CUDA parallel computation API. * yt-project: provides a consistent, cross-code interface to analyzing and visualizing astrophysical simulation data from a physical perspective. * mplstereonet: provides lower-hemisphere equal-area and equal-angle stereonets for matplotlib. * h5py: a general-purpose interface to the Hierarchical Data Format library, version 5. * Patsy: describing statistical models and building design matrices * SfePy: software for solving systems of coupled partial differential equations by the finite element method. * SQLAlchemy: an SQL toolkit and Object Relational Mapper that gives application developers the full power and flexibility of SQL. * Tkinter: de-facto standard GUI (Graphical User Interface) package. * PyGtk: a set of Python bindings to the GTK Toolkit. * PyQt: bindings for the Qt cross-platform GUI/XML/SQL C++ framework. * Mutagen: a module to handle audio metadata (MP3, Ogg FLAC, etc.). * Django: a high-level Python Web framework that encourages rapid development and clean, pragmatic design. * numexpr: evaluates multiple-operator array expressions many times faster than NumPy can. * PyPy: a fast, compliant alternative implementation of the Python language (2.7.2). * ATpy: a high-level Python package providing a way to manipulate tables of astronomical data in a uniform way.
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