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资源说明：he discipline of game theory was pioneered in the early 20th century by
mathematicians Ernst Zermelo (1913) and John von Neumann (1928).
The breakthrough came with John von Neumann and Oscar
Morgenstern’s book, Theory of games and economic behavior, published
in 1944. This was followed by important work by John Nash (1950-51)
and Lloyd Shapley (1953). Game theory had a major influence on the
development of several branches of economics (industrial organization,
international trade, labor economics, macroeconomics, etc.). Over time the
impact of game theory extended to other branches of the social sciences
(political science, international relations, philosophy, sociology, anthropology,
etc.) as well as to fields outside the social sciences, such as biology, computer
science, logic, etc. In 1994 the Nobel prize in economics was given to three
game theorists, John Nash, John Harsanyi and Reinhardt Selten, for their
theoretical work in game theory which was very influential in economics. At
the same time, the US Federal Communications Commission was using game
theory to help it design a $7-billion auction of the radio spectrum for personal
communication services (naturally, the bidders used game theory too!). The
Nobel prize in economics was awarded to game theorists three more times: in
2006 to Robert Aumann and Thomas Schelling, in 2007 to Leonid Hurwicz,
Eric Maskin and Roger Myerson and in 2010 to Lloyd Shapley and Alvin Roth.
Game theory provides a formal language for the representation and analysis of
interactive situations, that is, situations where several “entities”, called players,
take actions that affect each other. The nature of the players varies depending
on the context in which the game theoretic language is invoked: in
evolutionary biology (see, for example, John Maynard Smith, 1982) players are
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